Gene Editing and the Ethics of Human Enhancement

CRISPR technology and advanced genetic engineering present unprecedented ability to modify human DNA, raising profound ethical questions about enhancement versus therapy. Medical applications promise cures for genetic diseases, cancer treatments, and organ regeneration that could eliminate inherited conditions and extend human lifespan. Agricultural gene editing creates disease-resistant crops with enhanced nutrition, potentially addressing global food security. However, germline editing affects not just individuals but all future descendants, making mistakes permanent across generations. Enhancement applications beyond disease treatment—intelligence, physical ability, appearance—raise concerns about genetic inequality and designer babies. Accessibility questions emerge: will genetic enhancement become privilege of wealthy, creating biological class divisions? Regulatory frameworks struggle to keep pace with rapid technological advancement and international research varies widely in ethical standards. Unintended consequences and off-target effects remain incompletely understood despite improving precision. Religious and philosophical objections center on human hubris and playing god with natural evolution. The technology forces society to confront fundamental questions about human nature, equality, and what constitutes acceptable modification of our species.